Al-Shadru and Its Relationship with Psychology

Al-Quran is the word of Allah SWT that was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad SWT which can be a means of worship for anyone who reads it. Al-Quran is a guide for all Muslims and the followers of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. Al-Quran was revealed by Allah SWT to the Arabs in Arabic. Arabic is well-known for its numerous word derivations. One of the words in Al-Quran is Al-Shadru , which means ‘chest’. It is the body cavity where the heart and lungs reside. There are two forms of the word shadru in Al-Quran, namely fi’il (verb) and isim (noun). Shadru as a verb contains 2 words: yhasdiru and yashdira . Shadru as a noun comprises 44 words; some of them include shadran, shadrahu, shadruka, as-shudur, shadri, shuduruhum, and shudurikum. The concept of shadr corresponds to Sigmun Freud’s theory that humans consist of the id, ego, and superego. The ego desires for pleasure will always be bridged by the superego to measure whether they are good or bad. In Islam, the process of thinking involves many elements of the brain/reason, lust, and conscience/ Qolb . In addition to the id, ego, and superego, the concept of Al-Shadru is also in line with Daniel Golemen’s theory about emotional intelligence.


INTRODUCTION
Al-Quran is one of the miracles revealed by Allah SWT to the Prophet Muhammad SAW. Al-Quran is a guide for all mankind in seeking the purpose of life. In his view, Imam Al Ghazali said that Al-Quran is the source of all knowledge related to religious and worldly problems (Al-Ghazali :1933). All problems will be solved peacefully, calmly, and orderly if we base them on Al-Quran that Allah SWT has revealed to all of us (Husein:2011).
As human beings, we always cope with problems. On many occasions, the problems come and go. Some people consider these problems as trials and severe torments. They thought they have failed and never found a way to solve the problems. If a person considered him/her unfortunate and failed, he/she would be unable to solve any problems. If however we consider all the existing problems as a test given by Allah SWT to His servants, and we believe that Allah SWT will guide His servants, then Allah SWT will surely guide whomever He wants.
Allah SWT knows humans whose hearts deserve to be uplifted. We, as His servants, should always try and pray so that He will provide us His divine help and guidance, and make us the chosen people who are worthy of it.
"Whoever Allah SWT wants to guide, He opens their hearts to (embrace) Islam. But whoever He wants to misguide, He makes their hearts tight and constricted as if they were climbing up into the sky. This is how Allah dooms those who disbelieve.
It is explained in the Surah above that humans have not only open but also constricted hearts. This can happen because Allah SWT has uplifted and lowered the hearts of His servants He wants. Allah SWT uplifts the heart of His servants by giving instructions or guidance to them. It is hoped that with guidance humans will understand what is good and what is bad. Allah SWT opens the heart of His servants by giving light to it. What is meant by the light is the faith in Allah SWT. With this faith, a person will prioritize the hereafter over the world.
That is how Allah SWT has revealed a miracle to the great Prophet Muhammad SAW as a guide for all mankind in the world by practicing it in everyday life. Then, with Allah's permission, we will be safe both in this world and in the hereafter. There are various features contained in Al-Quran. One of them is that it is the word of Allah with a lot of distinction. Al-Quran was revealed to the Arabs in the Arabic language. As everyone knows, Arabic contains numerous word derivations. One of the words contained in Al-Quran is the word Al-Shadru that will be explored in this paper.

METHODOLOGY
This research is a literature study by reviewing 15 journals related to As-Shadru. The results of various literature reviews will be used to identify As-Shadru related to the concept of Psychology

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The meaning and concept of Al-Shadru in Al-Quran The word Al-Shadru means 'chest', the body cavity where the heart and lungs lie. In Arabic, the word Al-Shadru has the plural form shudur consisting of the letters shad, dal, and ra which means the top or front of everything. It can also be interpreted as the beginning of something. Several expressions contain the word shadr including shadrul qonat which means the top of the spear; shadrun nahar wal lail which means the beginning of day and night; and shadrul amar which means the beginning of problems. The front part of the human body is also called shadr which means 'chest (Shihab, et al : 2007).
The word Shadr is repeated 46 times in Al-Quran. In the book of Mu'zam Al-Mufahras Li Al-Fazh, the word Shudur, the plural form of Shadr, is mentioned 20 times in 19 surahs (Fuad Abdul : 2007). Shadr is one of the terms in Al-Quran to indicate the heart. Shadr means the outer heart. Since shadr is defined as the outer heart, this word can also be interpreted as the chest. What is meant by the chest is not only physical but also non-physical. Amir An-Najr said that shadr is a gate to enter various kinds of temptations in the form of lust, jealousy, and also guidance from God.
As mentioned in Al-Quran Surah Taha verse 25, Allah SWT says: ِ ‫بّ‬ َ ‫ر‬ ‫حْ‬ َ ‫ْر‬ ‫ٱش‬ ‫ِى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ى‬ ِ ‫ْر‬ ‫د‬ َ ‫ص‬ which means, "My Lord! Uplift my heart for me." The openness referred to in this verse is intended for the strength to accept and find the truth and wisdom from a problem, to withstand the bad lust, and so on.
The heart is also a place where a servant can weigh the existing positive and negative forces within him/herself. If the positive energy is more dominant, we can know that the servant's heart is full of the light of faith and supervised by Allah SWT. On the other hand, if the negative energy is stronger, such as jealousy, incitement, lust, arrogance, and others, we can see that the servant's heart is filled with darkness. This can harden the heart and dim the light of faith.
The above statement is in line with the hadith of the Prophet Muhammad SAW: "Beware! There is a piece of flesh in the body if it becomes good (reformed) the whole body becomes good, but if it gets spoilt the whole body gets spoilt and that is the heart." In Al-Quran, there is also the word Al-Shadr which tells or hints about happiness and openness. We can find this word in Surah Al-Insyirah verse 1-2: (1) Have We not uplifted your heart for you? (2) and relieved you of the burden.
The word Al-Shadr in this verse is preceded by the expression "alam nasyrah" (a question) which means "Have We not uplifted?" This question posed by Allah SWT does not require an answer. However, this question aims to strengthen the existence of an incident. The incident is "nasrah laka shadrak" (We uplift your heart). In this verse, it is the Prophet Muhammad SAW whose heart is uplifted.
Al-Hakim at-Tirmizi, by referring to Surah An-Nas verse 5 which means who whispers 'evil' into the hearts of humankind, explained that the meaning of shadr is a place for Satan's temptations, disturbances, and diseases that can infect humans, especially those related to the badness. Hakim also concluded that shadr is a place for jealousy, lust, desire, and hope.

Details of the Word Al-Shadru
There are several forms of the word shadru in Al-Quran; some are in the form of fi'il (verb) and some others are in the form of isim (noun). The word shadru as a verb has 2 versions, namely yhasdiru and yashdira. Meanwhile, shadru as a noun comprises 44 words; some of them are shadran, shadrahu, shadruka, as -shudur, shadri, shuduruhum, and shudurikum.

Al-Shadru as a verb
There are 2 shadru words as a verb in Al-Quran, namely yhasdiru and yashdira. The word yhasdiru is mentioned in Surah Az-Zalzalah verse 6. In this verse, however, the word shadru does not indicate the meaning of heart. It signals the meaning of 'humans who separate' as a group to be shown the consequences of their deeds in the world.
Yhasdira, another verb version of the word shadru, similarly does not mean the heart, yet it means 'to return'. Allah SWT says in Surah Al-Qasas verse 23 which means: When he arrived at the well of Midian, he found a group of people watering (their herds). Apart from them, he noticed two women holding back (their animals). Musa asked, "What is the problem?" They replied, "We cannot water (our animals) until the other shepherds are done (returning their herds), and our father is a very old man.

Al-Shadru as a noun a. Shadran
The word Shadran is mentioned once in Al-Quran, Surah An-Nahl verse 106: "Whoever disbelieves in Allah after their belief (he/she earns Allah's wrath), except those who are forced to disbelieve while their hearts are firm in faith (they do not commit sin), but those who embrace disbelief wholeheartedly, they will be condemned by Allah and suffer a tremendous punishment".
In his work, a tafsir book entitled Zubdatut Tafsir Min Fathil Qadir, Shaykh Dr. Muhammad Sulaiman Al Asyqar explained that the compulsion to disbelieve because someone received threats to be killed or hurt, even it is only a saying or action such as prostrating not to Allah, there is no sin for him/her. However, if he/she is content with the disbelief, he/she will surely earn Allah's wrath.

b. Shadrahu
Allah SWT provides guidance to His servants according to His will, so for those who get the guidance, Allah SWT uplifts their hearts to accept and embrace the teachings of Islam. On the other hand, Allah can freely misguide His servants and make their hearts tight, constricted, and reluctant to accept the truth. This is in accordance with the word of Allah in Al-Quran Surah Al-An'am verse 125: In Al-Quran, the word shadrahu exists in two surahs: Surah Al-An'am verse 125 as mentioned above, and in Surah Az-Zumar verse 22 which means: "Can those whose hearts have been opened by Allah to (accept) Islam be enlightened by their Lord (same as those whose hearts are hardened)? So woe to those whose hearts are hardened at the remembrance of Allah. It is they who are clearly astray".

c. Shadruka
The word shadruka is mentioned 4 times in Al-Quran. Allah SWT warned the Prophet Muhammad SAW not to constrict his heart and have doubts about Al-Quran that was revealed to him. This is owing to the reveal of Al-Quran by Allah SWT to the Prophet Muhammad SAW as a warning to humans, an enforcer of proof, and a lesson for believers. This is conveyed by Allah SWT in Surah Al-A'raf verse 2 : "This is a Book sent down to you -do not let anxiety into your heart regarding it -so with it you may warn (the disbelievers), and as a reminder to the believers." Allah SWT ordered the Prophet Muhammad SAW to convey everything that Allah SWT revealed to him, and not to convey only part of the verses of AL-Quran because it can constrict his heart. Allah SWT mentions this in Surah Hud verse 12: "Perhaps you may wish to leave some of what is revealed to you and may be distressed by it because you worry they will say, "Why had not been revealed to him a treasure or an angel had come with him?" You are only a warner, and Allah is the Trustee of all affairs". Indeed, Allah SWT also knows everything inside the humans' hearts. They are unable to hide it because Allah SWT knows best. Allah SWT says in Surah Al-Mulk verse 13 : "Whether you speak secretly or openly (no difference for Allah SWT), He surely knows best everything hidden in the heart.

e. Shadri
There are 2 places where the word shadri is found in Al-Quran: Surah Thaha verse 25 and Surah Asy-Syura verse 13.
Allah SWT warns those who believe not to make the disbelievers close, loyal, and trusted friends. The truth is that they are constantly causing harm, expecting troublesome things, and the hatred they hide in their hearts is far greater than what they say. Allah SWT says in Surah Ali-Imran verse 118: "Believers! Do not associate closely with others who will not miss a chance to harm you. Their only desire is to see you suffer. Their hatred has become evident from what they say, and what their hearts hide is far worse. We have made Our revelations clear to you, if only you understood".

The meaning and concept of Al-Shadru in Psychology
Shadr is a part of the heart in the outermost layer. A lot of human's characters dealing with the world matters are closely related to Shadr since it is filled with all kinds of worldly desires. Regarding this, Allah SWT provides a clear explanation in Surah Al-Hashr verse 9. That is why, the devil can easily affect the performance of Shadr (heart). Shadr, however, can also be a place to contemplate what is good and what is bad.
The context above is in line with Sigmund Freud's thought explaining that humans consist of the id, ego, and superego. The ego desires that always demand to achieve pleasure will always be bridged by the superego which works as a benchmark for whether the ego desires are good. The superego is always guided by the values and morals that exist in human life to control the ego (Shihab : 2003).
In addition, Shadr is also very closely related to cognitive processes. Many cognitive psychologists believe that the psyche and human behavior are heavily influenced by cognitive factors as the center of thinking (reason), which then become the driving force of human soul and behavior. In Islam, however, thinking processes involve many elements of the brain/reason, lust, and conscience/Qolb. Allah SWT says in Surah Al-Ankabut verse 49: "Al-Quran is a set of clear revelations preserved in the hearts of those gifted with knowledge. And none denies Our revelations except the wrongdoers".
From the verse above, we can see that extraordinary thinking centers in the heart. Thus, we cannot only use cognition or reason to understand Al-Quran. It must be comprehended and practiced. Al-Quran can only be understood by knowledgeable people whose hearts are filled with faith in Allah. Without faith in the heart, Al-Quran only becomes knowledge for those who study it. There are 2 meanings of the heart in the verse above; the real or physical meaning indicating the chest where the heart lies, and the psychological meaning implying that the heart is a place where the spirit and conscience reside.
In addition, the concept of Al-Shadru is linkable to Daniel Golemen's theory about emotional intelligence. This is evident in people who receive prosperity thanks to controlling their emotions.

CONCLUSION
The word Al-Shadru means 'chest', the body cavity where the heart and lungs reside. In Arabic, the word Al-Shadru has the plural form shudur consisting of the letters shad, dal, and ra, which means the top or front of everything, or 'the beginning of something" Al-Shadru can be interpreted as an open chest, which contains faith, disbelief, good and bad thoughts, and heart. The chest not only means physique but also non-physique. The word shadr here is also understood as the heart to receive guidance and instructions.
The concept of shadr corresponds to Sigmund Freud's thinking that humans consist of the id, ego, and superego. The ego desires that always demand pleasure will always be bridged by the superego which functions as a benchmark for the desires, whether they are good or bad.
As the center of thinking (reason), cognitive factors greatly impact human behavior, which subsequently becomes the driving force of the human soul and behavior. In Islam, however, the brain/reason, lust, and conscience/Qolb all play a role in thinking processes.